In diabetes management, patients’ level of self-efficacy is influenced by their level of skills for self-management. Unless people believe they can produce desired effects by their action, they have little incentive to act, regardless of other enabling factors which may be available to them. On the other hand, self-efficacy refers to ‘‘one’s belief in his/her own innate ability to perform specific tasks required to reach a desired goal”. Self-management skills result from knowledge about the disease, and understanding the interrelationships between different self-management activities and their impact on health outcomes.
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This is because skills and self-efficacy operate in tandem to foster full engagement with self-management. More importantly, adequate self-management skills and self-efficacy (confidence) to perform these skills are major enabling factors for engagement in diabetes self-management. Individual factors, particularly higher educational level and gender, also contribute to patients’ ability to care for their diabetes. In addition, patient support with the use of health technological interventions such as mobile phone applications and self-management education, facilitate efective diabetes management. Studies have also noted positive decision making about diabetes self-management as a result of effective health care provider-patient communication, characterized by trust, respect and shared decision-making in planning health goals. Likewise, individual resolution to prevent or reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications helps with the determination to engage in self-management. Such factors are diverse and include effective social support with assistance and encouragement from family members or peers who have diabetes or close relatives familiar with its management. Level of adherence to diabetes self-management differs in patients, which implies that decision-making processes for self-management are influenced by various factors, which could either serve as enablers or barriers.Įnablers of self-management are mechanisms or factors that foster the ability of patients to undertake their recommended self-management regimen. Diabetes self-management actions involve engagement in recommended behavioural activities such as healthy eating, medication adherence, being active, monitoring, reducing risks, problem-solving and healthy coping, which are all necessary for the successful management of the disease. The term “self-management” refers to day to day activities or actions an individual must undertake to control or reduce the impact of disease on their health and wellbeing in order to prevent further illness. Ĭonsistent engagement in diabetes self-management has been found to be correlated with the attainment of health outcomes in terms of good blood glucose control, fewer complications, improved quality of life and reduction in diabetes-related death risks. As a consequence, the majority of these patients are at risk of serious health complications that endanger life and impose great economic burden on affected individuals and the health care system. International audits have found that regimen adherence is less than optimal in both types 1 and 2 diabetes patients. In 2015, it was responsible for 1.6 million deaths, indicating a 60% increase in 15 years from less than 1 million in 2000. Diabetes is one of the top 10 global causes of mortality.
In 2017, the global prevalence of diabetes among people aged 20–79 years was 425 million, mainly comprising type 1 or type 2.
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem with rapidly increasing prevalence.
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